American Gangster (album)

American Gangster
A silhouette of a man in a suit walking into a closed business where the chairs have been put on the tables.
Studio album by Jay-Z
Released November 6, 2007
Recorded 2007
Genre Hip hop
Length 58:44
Label Roc-A-Fella, Def Jam
Producer Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter (exec.), Antonio "L.A." Reid (exec.), Diddy & The Hitmen (assoc.), Bigg D, Chris Flame, DJ Toomp, Idris "Driis" Elba, Jermaine Dupri, Just Blaze, No I.D., The Neptunes
Jay-Z chronology
Kingdom Come
(2006)		 American Gangster
(2007)		 The Blueprint 3
(2009)
Singles from American Gangster
  1. "Blue Magic"
    Released: September 20, 2007
  2. "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)..."
    Released: October 10, 2007
  3. "I Know"
    Released: November 4, 2007

American Gangster is the tenth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z, released November 6, 2007 on Roc-A-Fella Records. It is Jay-Z's last release for the Def Label label and his first concept album, which was inspired by the film of the same name. The album features production from Diddy & The Hitmen, Just Blaze, and The Neptunes, among others. Guest appearances include Beanie Sigel, Lil Wayne, Pharrell, and Nas. Jay-Z released an a cappella version of the album on the date of his 38th birthday, December 4, 2007.

The album was released to commercial success, despite being pulled from the iTunes Store at Jay-Z's request. It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling 425,861 copies in its first week, while tying Elvis Presley for the second most U.S. number-one albums. Upon its release, American Gangster received general acclaim from most music critics. Rolling Stone named it the third best album of 2007. The album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments in excess of one million copies in the United States.

Contents

Conception

Background

Jay-Z originally stated he recorded nine tracks for the album,[1] but the final track listing accumulated fifteen overall cuts (two bonus tracks). He also stated that almost every song is based on a specific scene from the film based on Frank Lucas, a former drug kingpin.[1] Def Jam executive Tracey Waples noted each track from the album will have its own "mini-film".[2] As for the direction of the album, Jay-Z used personal memories he hadn't touched on in a while, specifically memories from his early life when he lived in Brooklyn's Marcy Projects.[3]

On November 9, 2007, Jay-Z appeared on the Charlie Rose Show to discuss the album.[4] When asked about how the film gave life to this album, he stated "It's a New York City true story, you know. So as soon as the movie came on, it was like familiar, things that my pop seen and my uncles seen and, you know, different things like that, things I've seen growing up. So they resonated with me in a way, the story, as well as, I mean, even though everything happens, you know, the way it turns out, you know, it's one of those movies that where you champion the bad guy, because the bad guy, you know, he don't seem like a bad guy, and the good guy — I mean the good guys are bad. You know, that complex — the complexity of human beings in this thing was amazing to me. I loved the complexity of the human beings".[5]

Recording

Jay-Z would have the film—American Gangster—playing on the monitors above the recording booth to keep him inspired.[6] In an interview with MTV producer LV from The Hitmen said "Jay would have the beats...He'd do the record, and he'd send it back to us. We'd fill in the blanks as far as making them full records. From having live horns, live strings, live drummers. This percussion dude, he was coming in with bottles, banging on bottles, just sprinkles of shit. We went all out. We brought in musicians to bring it out. Jay probably just heard a sample and some drums. Once we got the vocals back, we brought in all the extra candy".[7]

Beanie Sigel and Lil Wayne are two of the few featured guest spots on the album, in which Sigel appears on the new version of "Ignorant Shit", and Lil Wayne joins Jay-Z on the Beastie Boys-sampling "Hello Brooklyn 2.0".[8] Jay returned the favor on "Mr. Carter" from Lil Wayne's Tha Carter III. Also, fellow New York City rapper and former rival Nas is featured on the No I.D.-produced track "Success", while the Neo soul singer Bilal sings the hook on "Fallin'", but is not officially credited.[9]

Music

Lyrics

Allmusic says that "And that might be the most common complaint about the album — it's really just another case of Jay-Z being Jay-Z, albeit with different presentation. Unless you know each verse from Reasonable Doubt through Kingdom Come, it might sound like he's dealing with no variation on well-worn themes, the exact same thoughts and emotions that make up older tracks about his past as a drug dealer — the rise, the arrogance, the conflictedness, the fall, and all stages in between."[10] Yahoo! Music writer Angus Batey viewed its thematic concept in the context of the "gangsta" ideal, stating "Using a selection of beats built from '70s soul and funk, it reflects the period setting; lyrically, its primary theme is an investigation of the evolution of the gangsta archetype, looking at how the drug dealer became a semi-sympathetic outlaw figure, examining the contradictions inherent in those who chase the American Dream on the far side of legality, and ruminating on what this period of US history might yet come to mean".[11] Pitchfork Media reviewer Tom Breihan noted that "'No Hook' has some of the most complicated rhyme-patterns Jay has tried in years":[12] Although Jay-Z says American Gangster was inspired by the movie of the same name, he touches on the topics of censorship and the Jena 6 controversy:[13]

I'm so for sure, it's no facade
Stay outta trouble, momma said, as momma sighed
Her fear her youngest son being victim of homicide
But I gotta get you outta here momma, or I'mma die...inside
But either way you lose me mama, so let loose of me!

—Jay-Z, "No Hook"

And if Al Sharpton is speaking for me
Somebody get him the word and tell him I don't approve
Tell him I'll remove the curses
If you tell me our schools gon' be perfect
When Jena 6 don't exist Tell him THAT's when I'll stop saying bitch—BIIITCH!

—Jay-Z, "Say Hello"

Production

The Neptunes provide production twice on the album, with the first single "Blue Magic" which is the fourteenth track, and the eighth track "I Know".[14] Diddy and two of his producers known as LV & Sean C, who are from his production team, The Hitmen, are responsible for six tracks on the album. They are credited with the second single "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)...", "American Dreamin'" (where his other production partner Mario Winans assists), "No Hook", "Party Life", "Pray", and finally "Sweet".[14]

DJ Toomp delivers one track for the album, while Just Blaze is credited for a bonus track and the re-make of "Ignorant Shit".[14] Kanye West mentor No I.D. gives two tracks also, one which he co-produces with Jermaine Dupri and vice versa.[14] Finally, three lesser known producers lend hand to the "Intro", which is credited to Chris Flames and co-production from Idris "Driis" Elba, while Bigg D produces the Beastie Boys sampling-Lil Wayne assisted track, "Hello Brooklyn 2.0".[14]

Release and promotion

Removal from iTunes

Jay-Z pulled American Gangster from the popular iTunes Store. Jay-Z stated "as movies are not sold scene by scene, this collection will not be sold as individual singles."[15] However, the album is available for digital download, in its entirety, at Amazon.com and Rhapsody.com.[15] Those who pre-ordered and paid for the entire album from iTunes were still able to download it. To date American Gangster is Jay-Z's only studio album not available for purchase on iTunes.

Tour

On October 21, 2007, Jay-Z announced his American Gangster Live tour to promote the album. Jay-Z stated that he would only perform material from American Gangster. The tour consisted of five smaller sized venues across the U.S., starting on November 6, 2007 in L.A. and ending on November 12, 2007 in Philadelphia.[16] According to a statement on the Roc-A-Fella website, the five-city club tour sold out in less than 60 seconds.[17]

A Cappella CD and remixes

Like Jay-Z's 2003 album The Black Album, Jay-Z released an a cappella version of American Gangster. Released in December 2007, the a cappella version of the CD caused a string of remix and mash-up albums by both fans and professional DJs/producers alike. Although none of the remix or mash-up albums have yet reached the public notoriety of DJ Danger Mouse's The Grey Album, several versions of the CD have made their way into the mainstream.

Several of the notable American Gangster Remix albums are listed below:

Reception

Commercial performance

American Gangster debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Album charts selling 425,861 records in the United States its first week.[21] American Gangster is Jay-Z's tenth number one album, officially tying him with Elvis Presley for the second highest number of number one albums behind The Beatles.[22] On December 6, 2007, the album was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America, after sales in excess of one million copies in the United States.[23]

Two singles have been released from American Gangster. The first, "Blue Magic", was released on September 20, 2007, peaking at 55 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100,[24] 31 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs,[25] and 17 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks.[26] The track's name is a reference to the kind of heroin that Frank Lucas sold in the movie American Gangster; the CD even came in a package similar to the one the heroin came in. The second single, "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)..." was released on October 10, 2007, and reached 63 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100,[27] 15 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs,[28] and 8 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks.[29]

Critical response

 Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 4/5 stars[10]
The A.V. Club (A-)[30]
Entertainment Weekly (B+)[31]
The New York Times (favorable)[32]
Pitchfork Media (8.6/10)[12]
PopMatters (8/10)[33]
Rolling Stone 4/5 stars[34]
Slant Magazine 4/5 stars[35]
USA Today 3.5/4 stars[36]
The Village Voice (favorable)[37]

Upon its release, American Gangster received general acclaim from most music critics.[38] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 82, based on 24 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim".[38] Rolling Stone's Rob Sheffield gave it 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that the album "definitely doesn't have any fluff like Kingdom Come's '30 Something' or 'Beach Chair'. Jay sounds relaxed, no longer worried about impressing anyone. Instead, he follows the story from the uptown dope-king ambition of 'American Dreamin' ' to the big-payback crash of "Fallin'."[34] Neil Drumming of Entertainment Weekly gave American Gangster a B+ rating, stating "While Jay-Z does not make the ambitious leap of trying to write from Lucas' point of view, he does use the film's story and period vibe to color his own elaborate legend. On 'American Dreamin', a Marvin Gaye sample provides the backdrop as Jay-Z wistfully recounts his early days as a dealer, scheming with his buddies."[31] Allmusic writer Andy Kellman gave it 4 out of 5 stars and called it "a very good Jay-Z album".[10] The A.V. Club critic Nathan Rabin gave it an A- rating and wrote that Jay-Z "finds inspiration in the Ridley Scott film of the same name, the lush atmosphere of '70s soul, and the bracing grit of blaxploitation".[30]

The New York Times writer Kelefa Sanneh gave American Gangster a favorable review and commended Jay-Z for his lyricism, stating "he packs his wordy stanzas full of unexpected syllables, clever allusions and unpredictable rhymes schemes. This is probably as close as the new Jay-Z will ever come to sounding like the old Jay-Z".[32] USA Today's Edna Gundersen gave the album 3½ out of 4 stars and lauded Jay-Z lyrics, stating "Gangster's snarling boasts, stinging rhymes and frenetic wordplay find the Hova re-establishing his status as hip-hop godfather, Corleone-style".[36] Sputnikmusic writer Cam gave it 4½ out of 5 stars and wrote "Lyrically, American Gangster may be the smartest album Jay has ever released".[39] However, Sputnikmusic's Lewis gave it 3 out of 5 stars and perceived a lack of passion and "conviction" in Jay-Z's performance.[40] Louis Pattison of NME gave American Gangster a 5/10 rating and expressed a mixed response towards its "low-key" style, stating "You leave ‘American Gangster’ longing for more of this don’t-give-a-fuck attitude, but the feeling that presides is Jay-Z patting his wallet".[41]

Despite viewing its conceptual style as flawed, The Observer's Steve Yates praised Jay-Z's reflection on his fame and "the voracious capitalism (up- and downside), which is proving hip hop's most durable legacy", stating "It's Jay-Z's and American Gangster's triumph that reflecting on his appetite seems to have reawakened it".[42] PopMatters writer Mike Schiller also perceived "no narrative thread", but viewed it as "sonically consistent" and praised Jay-Z's performance, stating "What American Gangster truly gives us is Jay-Z through and through. Sure he’s a gangster, but mostly he’s a human being with loves and likes and pet peeves and needs and a natural predilection for camaraderie. It’s superhero music in that Jay’s supremacy is never questioned, but it’s superhero music that insists on showing off more than just that hero’s immense power".[33] XXL's Alvin Samuels gave it a rating of "XL" and described it as "a pot of pure uncut crack music", while writing "Rediscovering his hustler’s ambition, Jay delves into the many facets of the drug game like an OG passing knowledge down to a new jack".[43] Amy Linden of The Village Voice lauded its retro instrumentation and wrote "As you'd expect from (still) one of the best wordsmiths in hip-hop, there's some killer wordplay here".[37]

American Gangster was ranked in the top ten of several music publications' end-of-year lists, including The Austin Chronicle (number one), Spin (number eight), and Rolling Stone magazine (number three).[44][45] Rolling Stone also named the album's second single, "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is...)", the best single of 2007.[46] In an interview with Jeff Johnson of cable network BET, 44th United States President Barack Obama admitted to being a fan of the album.[47]

Track listing

No. Title Producer(s) Length
1. "Intro" (by Idris Elba) Chris Flame, Idris Elba (co) 2:01
2. "Pray"   Diddy, Sean C & LV 4:24
3. "American Dreamin'"   Diddy, Sean C & LV, Mario Winans (co) 4:47
4. "Hello Brooklyn 2.0" (feat. Lil Wayne) Bigg D 3:56
5. "No Hook"   Diddy, Sean C & LV 3:14
6. "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)..."   Diddy, Sean C & LV 4:12
7. "Sweet"   Diddy, Sean C & LV 3:26
8. "I Know" (feat. Pharrell) The Neptunes 3:42
9. "Party Life"   Diddy, Sean C & LV 4:29
10. "Ignorant Shit" (feat. Beanie Sigel) Just Blaze 3:41
11. "Say Hello"   DJ Toomp 5:26
12. "Success" (feat. Nas) No I.D., Jermaine Dupri (co) 3:30
13. "Fallin'"   Jermaine Dupri, No I.D. (co) 4:01
14. "Blue Magic" (feat. Pharrell) The Neptunes 4:10
15. "American Gangster"   Just Blaze 3:41

 • (co) Co-producer

Personnel

# Title Notes
1 "Intro"

Arrangers: Hector Delgado & Idris Elba
Guitar: Marty Reid
Additional Strings: Timon Abuptah
Additional vocals: Angel Wood
Dialogue from the motion picture American Gangster, dialogue excerpts spoken by Denzel Washington
2 "Pray"

Songwriters: S. Carter, S. Combs, D. Matthews, L. Coppin, A. Hawkshaw
Sample: "New Earth" by Hank Marvin
Strings & Drums: Mario Winans
Bass clarinet & Bass trombone: Aaron J. Johnson
Bass & Guitar: James Lewis
Vocals: Adonis Shropshire, Carmen Cameron, Cheri Dennis, Leisa Johnson, Shannon Jones, Jayms Madison & A.J. Walker
Additional vocals: Beyoncé Knowles (uncredited)
3 "American Dreamin'"

Songwriters: S. Carter, S. Combs, D. Matthews, L. Coppin, M. Gaye, A. Ross, L. Ware
Sample: "Soon I'll Be Loving You Again" by Marvin Gaye
Bass, Piano & Strings: Arden "Keys" Altino
Live Drums & Strings: Mario Winans
Background vocals: Keon Bryce
4 "Hello Brooklyn 2.0"

Songwriters: S. Carter, D. Carter, D. Baker
Sample: "B-Boy Bouillabaisse" (Section 5, "Hello Brooklyn") by the Beastie Boys
All Instruments: Bigg D
5 "No Hook"

Songwriters: S. Carter, S. Combs, D. Matthews, L. Coppin, B. White
Sample: "Love Serenade" by Barry White
Percussion: Bashiri Johnson
Bass & Guitar: Ed "Wolverine" Goldson
Strings & Drums: Mario Winans
Keyboards, Strings, Rhodes & Piano: Arden "Keyz" Altino
Vocals: Jayms Madison
6 "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)..."

Songwriters: S. Carter, S. Combs, D. Matthews, L. Coppin, T. Brenneck, D. Guy, M. Deller, L. Michels, B. Mann
Sample: "Make the Road by Walking" by Menahan Street Band
Arrangement & Tenor Saxophone: Kenneth "Scooter" Whalum
Trumpet: Keyon Harrold & Cameron Johnson
Trombone: Saunders Sermon
Bass & Guitar: Ed "Wolverine" Goldson
Percussion: Bashiri Johnson
Drums: Mario Winans
Addition vocals: Beyoncé Knowles, Cassie & Kanye West
7 "Sweet"

Songwriters: S. Carter, S. Combs, D. Matthews, L. Coppin, R. Love
Sample: "Does Your Mama Know" by Rudy Love & The Love Family
Bass & Guitar: Ed "Wolverine" Goldson
Percussion: Bashiri Johnson
Additional vocals: Cassie, Carmen Cameron & A.J. Walker
8 "I Know"

Songwriters: S. Carter, P. Williams
Additional Vocals: Pharrell Williams
9 "Party Life"

Songwriters: S. Carter, S. Combs, D. Matthews, L. Coppin, W. Hale, D. Stone
Sample: "Get into the Party Life" by Little Beaver
Bass & Guitar: Ed "Wolverine" Goldson
Percussion: Bashiri Johnson
Drums: Mario Winans
Trumpet: Keyon Harrold
Additional vocals: Shannon Jones
10 "Ignorant Shit"

Songwriters: S. Carter, J. Smith, D. Grant, R. Isley, O. Isley, R. Isley, M. Isley, E. Isley, C. Jasper
Sample: "Between the Sheets" by The Isley Brothers
11 "Say Hello"

Songwriters: S. Carter, A. Davis, T. Brocker
Sample: "The Love We Share Is the Greatest of Them All" by Tom Brock
Production coordination: Keke & Amy
Background vocals: Rhonda Robinson
12 "Success"

Songwriters: S. Carter, E. Wilson, N. Jones, L. Ellis
Sample: "Funky Thing (Part 1)" by Larry Ellis & The Black Hammer
Background vocals: Juan "OG" Perez
Sample: I'm Back By Eminem from The Marshall Mathers LP
Dialogue from the motion picture American Gangster, dialogue excerpts spoken by Armand Assante
13 "Fallin'"

Songwriters: S. Carter, J. Dupri, T. Hester
Sample: "Fell for You" by The Dramatics
Background vocals: Bilal
14 "Blue Magic"

Songwriters: S. Carter, P. Williams, D. Foster, T. McElroy, T. Ellis, C. Herron, M. Jones, D. Robinson, B. Kaun
Sample: "Hold On" by En Vogue
Additional Vocals: Pharrell Williams
Dialogue from the motion picture American Gangster, dialogue excerpts spoken by Denzel Washington
Dialogue from the motion picture Frankenstein Directed by James Whale
15 "American Gangster"

Songwriters: S. Carter, J. Smith, C. Mayfield
Sample: "Short Eyes" by Curtis Mayfield
Live Drums: Stillphil
Additional piano: Canei Finch
Alto Saxophone: Andy Snitzer
Tenor Saxophone: Charles Pillow
Trombone: Mike David
Trumpet: Jeff Kievet
Violins: Sandra Park, Sharon Yamada, Sarah Boyle, Jeanine WYnton, Lisa Kim, Minyoung Chang, Matt Lehmann, Liz Lim
Violas: Dawn Hannay & Sue Pray
Cellos: Eileen Moon & Jeanne LeBlanc
Strings Contractor: Sandra Park

Chart history

Chart positions

Charts (2007) Peak
position
Canadian Albums Chart[48] 3
New Zealand Albums Chart  1
French Albums Chart[49] 58
Irish Albums Chart[49] 59
Swiss Albums Chart[49] 17
UK Albums Chart[49] 30
U.S. Billboard 200[49] 1
U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums[50] 1
U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums[51] 1

Chart procession and succession

Preceded by
Long Road Out of Eden by Eagles		 Billboard 200 number-one album
November 18, 2007 - November 24, 2007		 Succeeded by
As I Am by Alicia Keys

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 David M. Halbfinger and Jeff Leeds (September 20, 2007). For Jay-Z, Inspiration Arrives in a Movie. The New York Times. Accessed September 20, 2007.
  2. ↑ Omar Burgess (October 4, 2007). Def Jam Speaks on American Gangster Project. HipHopDX. Accessed October 4, 2007.
  3. ↑ Lyrical Thought (October 15, 2007). Jay-Z Regrets Kingdom Come, Corrects Kanye. Def Sounds. Accessed October 15, 2007.
  4. ↑ Charlie Rose - Jay - Z at YouTube. Accessed November 8, 2007.
  5. ↑ A conversation with rapper and entrepreneur Jay-Z. Charlie Rose Show (November 9, 2007). Accessed November 7, 2007.
  6. ↑ Elliott Wilson (October 19, 2007). Jay-Z: I'll Still Kill (Part I) XXL. Accessed December 2, 2007.
  7. ↑ Andres Tardio (October 9, 2007). Jay-Z Delivers The Goods On American Gangster. HipHopDX. Accessed December 2, 2007.
  8. ↑ The Official Tracklisting for Jay-Z's American Gangster. XXL. (October 15, 2007). Accessed October 16, 2007.
  9. ↑ Discogs.com: Jay-Z - American Gangster. Discogs. Accessed December 13, 2008.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kellman, Andy. Review: American Gangster. Allmusic. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  11. ↑ Batey, Angus. Review: American Gangster. Yahoo! Music. Retrieved on 2010-02-22.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Breihan, Tom. Review: American Gangster. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  13. ↑ Jokesta (November 8, 2007). Jay Z Addresses Censoring Hip Hop On New Album, To Debut with 10th Number 1. Def Sounds. Accessed November 19, 2007.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 The Producers Behind Jay-Z's American Gangster. XXL (October 25, 2007). Accessed October 25, 2007.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Jay-Z Pulls American Gangster from iTunes XXL (November 6, 2007). Accessed November 6, 2007.
  16. ↑ Jay-Z Announces American Gangster Live Tour XXL. (October 22, 2007). Accessed November 2, 2007.
  17. ↑ Jay-Z's American Gangster Tour Sells Out in Under A Minute XXL. (October 29, 2007). Accessed November 2, 2007.
  18. ↑ DJ Skee's "American Godfather" DJ Skee's "American Godfather". Accessed February 4, 2008.
  19. ↑ Mick Boogie's "Brooklyn Soul" Mick Boogie's "Brooklyn Soul". Accessed February 4, 2008.
  20. ↑ DJ Doc Rok- Various Artists- "American Zeppelin" [1]. Accessed May 7, 2009
  21. ↑ Jay-Z Scores 10th #1 Album. XXL (November 14, 2007). Accessed November 19, 2007.
  22. ↑ Katie Hasty. Jay-Z Leapfrogs Eagles, Britney For No. 1 Debut. Billboard. Accessed November 14, 2007.
  23. ↑ Gold & Platinum - Searchable Database: American Gangster. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on 2010-05-01.
  24. ↑ The Billboard Hot 100 – Blue Magic. Billboard. Accessed October 11, 2007.
  25. ↑ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Blue Magic. Billboard. Accessed October 11, 2007.
  26. ↑ Hot Rap Tracks – Blue Magic. Billboard. Accessed October 11, 2007.
  27. ↑ Billboard+Hot+100&ci=3088797&cdi=9547396&cid=12%2F15%2F2007 The Billboard Hot 100 – Roc Boys (And The Winner Is)... Billboard. Accessed December 6, 2007.
  28. ↑ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Roc Boys (And The Winner Is)... Billboard. Accessed December 6, 2007.
  29. ↑ Hot Rap Tracks – Roc Boys (And The Winner Is)... Billboard. Accessed December 6, 2007.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Rabin, Nathan. Review: American Gangster. The A.V. Club. Retrieved on 2010-02-22.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Drumming, Neil. Review: American Gangster. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Sanneh, Kelefa. Review: American Gangster. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Schiller, Mike. Review: American Gangster. PopMatters. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Sheffield, Rob. Review: American Gangster. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  35. ↑ Newlin, Jimmy. Review: American Gangster. Slant Magazine. Retrieved on 2009-12-11.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Gundersen, Edna. Review: American Gangster. USA Today. Retrieved on 2009-08-05.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Linden, Amy. Review: American Gangster. The Village Voice. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 American Gangster (2007): Reviews. Metacritic. Accessed November 5, 2007.
  39. ↑ Cam. Review: American Gangster. Sputnikmusic. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  40. ↑ Lewis. Review: American Gangster. Sputnikmusic. Retrieved on 2010-02-22.
  41. ↑ Pattison, Louis. Review: American Gangster. NME. Retrieved on 2010-02-22.
  42. ↑ Yates, Steve. Review: American Gangster. The Observer. Retrieved on 2010-02-22.
  43. ↑ Samuel, Anslem. Review: American Gangster. XXL. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  44. ↑ Best Albums of 2007. Metacritic. Retrieved on 2009-06-29.
  45. ↑ Robert Christgau, David Fricke, Christian Hoard and Rob Sheffield (December 17, 2007). The Top 50 Albums of 2007. Rolling Stone. Accessed December 19, 2007.
  46. ↑ The 100 Best Songs of 2007 Rolling Stone (December 11, 2007). Accessed December 13, 2007.
  47. ↑ Barack Obama Digs Jay-Z But Wishes He Was A Little Kinder, Gentler Idolator. Accessed June 6, 2009.
  48. ↑ Albums : Top 100 – 11 November, 2007 (for the Week Ending 15 November, 2007). Canoe – Jam! Music. Accessed November 15, 2007.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 Jay-Z – American Gangster. aCharts. Accessed November 15, 2007.
  50. ↑ Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – American Gangster. Billboard. Accessed November 18, 2007.
  51. ↑ Top Rap Albums – American Gangster. Billboard. Accessed November 18, 2007.

External links

Jay-Z
Studio albums
Reasonable Doubt · In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 · Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life · Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter · The Dynasty: Roc La Familia · The Blueprint · The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse · The Black Album · Kingdom Come · American Gangster · The Blueprint 3
Compilations
Jay-Z: Unplugged · Chapter One: Greatest Hits · The Blueprint 2.1 · Bring It On: The Best of Jay-Z · Greatest Hits · Jay-Z: The Hits Collection, Volume One
Collaborations
Streets Is Watching Soundtrack (with various artists) · The Best of Both Worlds (with R. Kelly) · Unfinished Business (with R. Kelly) · Collision Course (with Linkin Park) · Watch My Throne (with Kanye West)
Tours
Hard Knock Life Tour (1999)  · Roc The Mic Tour (2003)  · Best of Both Worlds Tour (2004)  · American Gangster Live (2007)  · Heart of the City Tour (2008)  · Jay-Z & Ciara Live (2009)  · Jay-Z Fall Tour (2009)  · The Blueprint 3 Tour (2010)  · The Home & Home Tour (2010)  · U2 360 Tour (Supporting act, 2010)
Related articles
Discography  · Songs  · Roc-A-Fella Records  · Roc Nation  · StarRoc  · The 40/40 Club  · Jay-Z vs. Nas feud  · Beyoncé Knowles  · Def Jam Recordings · Jaydiohead · Fade to Black · Live Nation
Wikipedia book Book:Jay-Z · Category Category:Jay-Z · Portal Portal:Hip hop